Democracy is a form of government in which all citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. The term comes from the Greek: demokratia "rule of the people",which was coined from Demos "people" and Kratos "power", in the middle of the 5th-4th century BC to denote the political systems then existing in some Greek city-states, notably Athens following a popular uprising in 508 BC. According to some theories of democracy, popular sovereignty is the founding principle of such a system. However, the democratic principle has also been expressed as "the freedom to call something into being which did not exist before, which was not given and which therefore, strictly speaking, could not be known." This type of freedom, which is connected to human "natality," or the capacity to begin anew, sees democracy as "not only a political system [but] an ideal, an aspiration, really, intimately connected to and dependent upon a picture of what it is to be humanof what it is a human should be to be fully human." While there is no specific, universally accepted definition of democracy, equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times, These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution. There are several varieties of democracy, some of which provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others. However, if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process, or any branch of government from altering the separation of powers in its own favor, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy. Representative Democracy, Consensus Democracy, and Deliberative Democracy are all major examples of attempts at a form of government that is both practical and responsive to the needs and desires of citizens. Many people use the term "democracy" as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include elements such as political pluralism; equality before the law; the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances; due process; civil liberties; human rights; and elements of civil society outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained). In other cases, "democracy" is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are applicable to private organizations and other groups as well. Majority rule is often listed as a characteristic of democracy. However, it is also possible for a minority to be oppressed by a "tyranny of the majority" in the absence of governmental or constitutional protections of individual and/or group rights. An essential part of an "ideal" representative democracy is competitive elections that are fair both substantively and procedurally. Furthermore, freedom of political expression, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are considered to be essential, so that citizens are adequately informed and able to vote according to their own best interests as they see them. It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of individuals to participate freely and fully in the life of their society. Democracy has its formal origins in Ancient Greece, but democratic practices are evident in earlier societies including Mesopotamia, Phoenicia and India. Other cultures since Greece have significantly contributed to the evolution of democracy such as Ancient Rome, Europe, and North and South America. The concept of representative democracy arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the European Middle Ages and the Age of Enlightenment and in the American and French Revolutions. Democracy has been called the "last form of government" and has spread considerably across the globe. The right to vote has been expanded in many jurisdictions over time from relatively narrow groups (such as wealthy men of a particular ethnic group), with New Zealand the first nation to grant universal suffrage for all its citizens in 1893. The term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in Athens during the late 6th century BCE. The philosopher Plato contrasted democracy, the system of "rule by the governed", with the alternative systems of monarchy (rule by one individual), oligarchy (rule by a small lite class) and timocracy (ruling class of property owners). Today Classical Athenian democracy is considered by many to have been a direct democracy. Originally it had two distinguishing features: first the allotment (selection by lot) of ordinary citizens to the few government offices and the courts, and secondarily the assembly of all the citizens. All citizens were eligible to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city-state. However, Athenian citizens were all-male, born from parents who were born in Athens, and excluded women, slaves, foreigners (metoikoi) and males under 20 years old. Of the perhaps 250,000 inhabitants only a small plurality were citizens. The (elected) generals often held influence in the assembly. Pericles was, during his many years of de-facto political leadership, once elected general 15 years in a row. A possible example of primitive democracy may have been the early Sumerian city-states. A similar proto-democracy or oligarchy existed temporarily among the Medes (ancient Iranian people) in the 6th century BC, but which came to an end after the Achaemenid (Persian) Emperor Darius the Great declared that the best monarchy was better than the best oligarchy or best democracy. Although the term "democracy" is not often used for civilizations outside of Europe in ancient times there were organizations of government very akin to democracy in some African societies such as the Igbo nation of what is now Nigeria. A serious claim for early democratic institutions comes from the independent "republics" of India, sanghas and ganas, which existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD. The evidence is scattered and no pure historical source exists for that period. In addition, Diodorus (a Greek historian at the time of Alexander the Greats excursion of India), without offering any detail, mentions that independent and democratic states existed in India. However, modern scholars note that the word democracy at the 3rd century BC and later had been degraded and could mean any autonomous state no matter how oligarchic it was. The lack of the concept of citizen equality across caste system boundaries has led many scholars to believe that the true nature of ganas and sanghas would not be comparable to that of truly democratic institutions. Even though the Roman Republic contributed significantly to certain aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives. The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of Gerrymandering, so most high officials, including members of the Senate, came from a few wealthy and noble families. However, many notable exceptions did occur. | | Die Geschichte der Demokratie ist eng verknüpft mit der Entwicklung der Idee des Naturrechts, die wiederum eng verwandt ist mit dem Begriff der Menschenrechte. Ausgehend von den Naturrechten wurde die Idee der Gleichberechtigung der Freien entwickelt, die sich in den frühen Ansätzen demokratischer Gesellschaften wiederfindet. Die Mitgestaltungsbefugnisse eines Menschen hingen zunächst vom Status der Person ab: Nur freie Bürger hatten diese Rechte inne was Sklaven, Frauen und Nicht-Bürger (z.B. Ausländer) ausschloss. Als erste Verwirklichung einer Demokratie in der Geschichte wird die antike Attische Demokratie angesehen, die nach heftigem Ringen des Adels und der Reichen mit dem einfachen Volk errichtet wurde und allen männlichen Vollbürgern der Stadt Athen Mitbestimmung in der Regierung gewährte, wenn man über 20 Jahre alt war. Die Anzahl der Vollbürger betrug etwa 30.000 bis 40.000 Männer. Bei wichtigen Entscheidungen, z. B. über Krieg und Frieden, mussten mindestens 6.000 anwesend sein. Beamte (z. B. die Archonten) wurden ursprünglich durch das Los bestimmt abgesehen von den Strategen, welche für die Armee zuständig waren und im Krieg eine große Rolle spielten. Da sie allerdings eine große Verantwortung trugen, wurden sie nach einer Niederlage z.T. durch das Scherbengericht für 10 Jahre aus Attika verbannt. Diese Staatsform war nicht unumstritten, gewährte sie doch beispielsweise den Bürgern das Recht, Mitbürger, die als gefährlich für die Demokratie angesehen wurden, mit Hilfe des sogenannten Scherbengerichts (Ostrakismos) in die Verbannung zu schicken. Auch waren die Beschlüsse der Volksversammlung leicht beeinflussbar. Demagogen spielten nicht selten eine fatale Rolle in der Politik Athens. Aufgrund der Unzufriedenheit breiter Bevölkerungsschichten im griechischen Mutterland in spätarchaischer Zeit (7. und 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.) und des Vorhandenseins unabhängigen und öffentlichen politischen Denkens, kam es zuerst zur Vorstufe der Demokratie, der Isonomie. Nicht zuletzt aufgrund der Erfolge der freien griechischen Poleis während der Perserkriege wurde diese Entwicklung beschleunigt und fand ihren Endpunkt in der attischen Demokratie, in der die Bürger in Athen die Möglichkeit bekamen, in einer auf breiteren Schichten basierenden politischen Ordnung mitzuwirken. | | Democracia es una forma de organización de grupos de personas, cuya característica predominante es que la titularidad del poder reside en la totalidad de sus miembros, haciendo que la toma de decisiones responda a la voluntad colectiva de los miembros del grupo. En sentido estricto la democracia es una forma de organización del Estado, en la cual las decisiones colectivas son adoptadas por el pueblo mediante mecanismos de participación directa o indirecta que le confieren legitimidad a los representantes. En sentido amplio, democracia es una forma de convivencia social en la que los miembros son libres e iguales y las relaciones sociales se establecen de acuerdo a mecanismos contractuales. La democracia se define también a partir de la clásica clasificación de las formas de gobierno realizada por Platón, primero, y Aristóteles, después, en tres tipos básicos: monarquía (gobierno de uno), aristocracia (gobierno de los mejores para Platón, de los menos, para Aristóteles), democracia (gobierno de la multitud para Platón y de los más, para Aristóteles). Hay democracia directa cuando la decisión es adoptada directamente por los miembros del pueblo. Hay democracia indirecta o representativa cuando la decisión es adoptada por personas reconocidas por el pueblo como sus representantes. Por último, hay democracia participativa cuando se aplica un modelo político que facilita a los ciudadanos su capacidad de asociarse y organizarse de tal modo que puedan ejercer una influencia directa en las decisiones públicas o cuando se facilita a la ciudadanía amplios mecanismos plebiscitarios. Estas tres formas no son excluyentes y suelen integrarse como mecanismos complementarios. No debe confundirse República con Democracia, pues aluden a principios distintos, la república es el gobierno de la ley mientras que democracia significa el gobierno de la mayoría.[PARAGRAPH:2] El término democracia proviene del antiguo griego (??????????) y fue acuñado en Atenas en el siglo V a. C. a partir de los vocablos demos, que puede traducirse como pueblo y krátos, que puede traducirse como poder. Sin embargo la significación etimológica del término es mucho más compleja. El término demos parece haber sido un neologismo derivado de la fusión de las palabras demiurgos (demiurgi) y geomoros (geomori). El historiador Plutarco señalaba que los geomoros y demiurgos, eran junto a los eupátridas, las tres clases en las que Teseo dividió a la población libre del Ática (adicionalmente la población estaba integrada también por los metecos, esclavos y las mujeres). Los eupátridas eran los nobles; los demiurgos eran los artesanos; y los geomoros eran los campesinos. Estos dos últimos grupos, en creciente oposición a la nobleza, formaron el demos. Textualmente entonces, democracia significa gobierno de los artesanos y campesinos, excluyendo del mismo expresamente a los esclavos y a los nobles. Algunos pensadores consideran a la democracia ateniense como el primer ejemplo de un sistema democrático. Otros pensadores han criticado esta conclusión, argumentando por un lado que tanto en la organización tribal como en antiguas civilizaciones en todo el mundo existen ejemplos de sistemas políticos democráticos, y por otro lado que solo una pequeña minoría del 10% de la población tenía derecho a participar de la llamada democracia ateniense, quedando automáticamente excluidos la mayoría de trabajadores, campesinos, esclavos y las mujeres. De todas formas, el significado del término ha cambiado con el tiempo, y la definición moderna ha evolucionado mucho, sobre todo desde finales del siglo XVIII, con la sucesiva introducción de sistemas democráticos en muchas naciones y sobre todo a partir del reconocimiento del sufragio universal y del voto femenino en el siglo XX. Hoy en día, las democracias existentes son bastante distintas al sistema de gobierno ateniense del que heredan su nombre. |